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Nanjing Confucius Temple: A Living Legacy of Chinese Culture and Education

 Located along the north bank of the Qinhuai River in Nanjing’s Qinhuai District, the Nanjing Confucius Temple—commonly known as Fuzimiao—is one of the four great Confucian temples in China. Once the cultural and educational center of Jiangnan during the Ming and Q

The Nanjing Confucius Temple area along the Qinhuai River, combining traditional architecture with historic waterways in Jiangnan culture.


ing dynasties, it now serves as both a historical monument and a vibrant urban attraction.


1. Architectural Grandeur and Sacred Layout

The Nanjing Confucius Temple is part of a massive architectural complex that includes:

  • The Confucian Temple (孔庙) for rituals and worship,

  • The Xuegong (学宫) or Imperial Academy for Confucian education,

  • The Jiangnan Examination Hall (江南贡院) for civil service examinations.

The layout follows the traditional pattern of “temple in front, school at the back.” The complex begins with a magnificent screen wall (照壁) carved with "dragons chasing pearls," stretching 110 meters long and 10 meters high—often dubbed “the First Wall Under Heaven.”

One of its most unique features is the natural water pond (泮池) in front of the temple, sourced directly from the Qinhuai River—making it the only Confucian temple in the world with a live water pond.

Further inside lie key structures such as:

  • Lingxing Gate (棂星门) and Dacheng Hall (大成殿) – the main shrine for Confucius and his disciples.

  • Mingde Hall (明德堂) and Zunjing Pavilion (尊经阁) – once the main lecture halls, now transformed into a cultural museum.

  • Side rooms now house the Huaxia Education Museum, chronicling the evolution of Chinese education from ancient times to modern reform.

2. A Historical Chronicle: From Eastern Jin to Modern China

The origins of the Nanjing Confucius Temple date back to the Eastern Jin dynasty (4th century CE), when scholars from the north fled southward to escape war and brought with them Confucian ideals. It underwent multiple reconstructions through the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties.

During the Ming dynasty, Emperor Hongwu rebuilt the temple near the Qinhuai River and integrated it with the local academy. The temple suffered significant destruction during the Taiping Rebellion but was restored under the supervision of Qing officials like Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang.

After the fall of the imperial examination system in 1905 and the socio-political upheavals of the 20th century, the temple declined. However, post-1949 restoration efforts turned it into a vital heritage site, celebrating its legacy in education and Confucianism.

A winter view of the Nanjing Confucius Temple complex, reflecting its historical architecture and cultural significance.



3. Temple Meets Marketplace: The “Miao-Shi He Yi” Phenomenon

What sets Nanjing’s Confucius Temple apart is its integration of ritual space and vibrant marketplace—a phenomenon known as 庙市合一 (miao-shi he yi).

During the Ming and Qing periods, over 20,000 candidates from Jiangsu and Anhui provinces would flock here every three years for the civil service exam held at the nearby Jiangnan Examination Hall. This led to an explosion in local commerce catering to scholars, including:

  • Stationery and academic tools

  • Rented rooms called “kao yu (考寓)”

  • Teahouses, restaurants, and shops selling traditional gifts

One of the most famous venues was “Wenliu (问柳),” a teahouse popular among wealthy scholars for socializing and dining.

Although the civil exam system ended in 1905, the commercial momentum endured. The temple district remained a hub of urban life throughout the Republican era, World War II, and into the People's Republic.

4. A Cultural Symbol in Modern Times

Today, Nanjing’s Confucius Temple has been meticulously restored and is recognized not only as a symbol of Confucian scholarship, but also a showcase of Nanjing's folk culture, educational history, and Qinhuai River heritage.

It has evolved into a cultural complex that includes:

  • Public exhibitions on Confucian thought and Chinese education

  • A thriving pedestrian shopping area

  • The preserved Jiangnan Examination Hall, one of China’s largest historical exam sites

Whether you’re a history buff, architecture enthusiast, or just a traveler seeking an authentic experience, Nanjing Confucius Temple offers a rich blend of ritual, learning, and life that spans more than 1600 years.


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